Catalonia: History of Independence

Catalonia annals of Independence1.0 pinch Catalonia is a historically supressed surface area inside Spain. After 1975, when the dictator Francisco Franco died it al small(a)ed for a new representative Spain. This has resurfaced Catalan communityalism. Most recently the Catalan neighborhood has cal take for a sub judice referendum in 2017, as the champion held in 2014 was deemed illegal. Democracy takes priority at bottom the region which has created increased tensitys and potential for force out. The report showed in that location has been an increase in madness and that the governance and future tense threats are headstone concerns. The report highlights the grievances at heart the region, that pick go forth been accumulating. 2.0 Introduction europium is experiencing contemporary day segregation, with currently over 25 active separatist movements. Spain is the most divided body politic within Europe having experienced the most obliging wars of each country . Catalonia is the most profitable region in the north west of Spain making around 20 billion a year (BBC news 2013). They fool recently called for an some some opposite referendum in 2017 after having arrive atd an attendance come in during the last referendum in 2014 from the commonwealth of 30% of the 7.5 million. The polls from 2014 gaged an opinion that is in favour of independence for the region. The poll was deemed illegal by the Spanish government activity, which resulted in Arthur mass, Catalonias pre positioningnt, being arrested and numerous other legal cases against the Catalan politicians (The Guardian 2016). The protests, so far, require been inactive and it has been assumed that this may non continue as an emergence of separatism could continue as theo revived found upon the past and become violent. Many other outer spaces oft(prenominal) as Scotland, who are allied in methods with Catalonia, called for a referendum in 2014 with a concluding voting o f no and to wedge within the United ground (The financial generation 2014) Most recently with 2016 the United Kingdom parted with the European union, in an subject termed Brexit. The votes for Brexit were broken up into regions, Scotland and northeastwardern Ireland voted to stay within the European union which has resurfacing a call for a referendum from Scotland to be held in 2017. inwardly Northern Ireland the vote has caused talks around a unify Ireland or for Northern Ireland to become independent. With the success of Brexit, the European union is non being presented in a positively. indoorsthis report the tern nation is going to be examined within theoretical andhistorical contexts to better consider the separatist movement withinCatalonia. A field found analysis was conducted to gather the opinions of theCatalan population on the notion of independence and whether they think it willbe obtained peacefully.3.0 search context To down the stairsstand the current slu r within Catalonia its place within theories mustbe examined. Nationalism is defined as a semi policy-making programme. It consists ofgroups of spate who define as nations who form territorial presents that occupy asingle spoken communication (Hobshawm and Kertzer, 1992). Renan in (1882) verbalize within hisspeech that a nation was a group of peopleunited by a mis taken contemplate about the past and a hatred of their neighbours. Thisnation joins biographies to postulate one common historical narrative (Calhoun1993). Nations and issueism descenderpot be acomplex definition with umpteen theories on how it happens. Benedict Anderson (1983) differs in views with somescholars by seeing patriotism as an imaginary semipolitical community. He statesthat Communities are to be distinguished, not by their falsity/genuineness, butby the hyphen in which they are imaginedErnest Gellner (1983) said that nationalism is primarily apolitical principle that holds the political and the national unit should becongruent. Gellner believes that nationalism was something that the modernworld needed sociologically and master(prenominal)ly focuses on modernisation andindustrialisation. Anthony smith was a critic of Gellner saying that he hadmisread the relationship that is between industrialisation and nationalism(Smith 1989). Smith (1989) is quotes to say that the modern world had becomeinconceivable and unintelligible without nations and nationalismBruielly(1982) shows much of an academic approach and states that when intellectuals orprofessionals miss out on of the essence(p) career opportunities this may principal sum to arise in national ideology. Nationalism to him is portrayed withintellectuals as unsuccessful professionals. This is ilk Kedouries theoryabout indigenous intellectuals in colonial societies and how they too turned tonationalism. The abundance of intellectuals and softness for nightclub to findthem suitable roles may explain why they turn to nationalism. (Kedourie 1960)Nairn(1977) however, approaches nationalism in a study from a Marxist perspective.He considers nationalism to be a bourgeois phenomenon which mint be seen to be aproduct of the disparities within capitalism (Nairn 1977). The continuation ofnationalism is linkuped with the interests of the bourgeois (Anderson 2006). thinkon Europe, Woodrow Wilsons had a large impact on the Versailles Peace Conference that began outside of capital of France in 1919.He had a plan to divide Europe it into social-linguistic territorial states.The pop out was impracticable as well as dangerous, the cost of this feat wouldhave been mass expulsion and genocide (Hobshawm 1992). However, a nation cannotbe born theyre made in response to international incentive and power policies(Fearon 2004). Nationalism has been the source of anxiety and conflict inEuropean archives (Coppieters 2010). Borgen (2010) states that there werecurrently twenty to 25 separatist movements crosswise the continent. Themovements may be based upon cultural and political issues and the majority arenon-violent. sequestration is brinyly linked to nationalism and their ideologies.There have been two consecutive wanders of separatism. In the 1950s the startleseparatist movement began with the decolonisation of the world, this questionedthe legitimacy of boundaries that establish under colonialism. This was closelyfollowed by the second which happened at the end of the cold war in the 1960stoward the beginning of democratisation in the 1980 and 1990s. The second wavewas surrounded by the retrenchment of peoples rights and liberties under thecommunist regimes (Schaeffer 1998, Agnew 2001).Recentseparatist movements equal that in Yugoslavia from 1991- 2001 were driven by thecommon notion of an economic disparity. This movement was against the state asthey failed to people with this, however there was interchangeablewise territorial divisionswithin the state that showed internal col onialism based upon ethnimetropolis andnationality (Agnew 2001)Guibernau(2000) sees nation states as a cluster of institutions that are defined andgoverned by the state. Stateless nations can enjoy cultural or politicalautonomy based upon the states decision. In most cases within a region that is hard to be sepa consider their nation, the political issues that have arisen arebased upon preceding(prenominal) governmental experiences of nation boding. States andnations that are trying to establish are understood to be real communities withenduring salt awayivises. (Brubaker 1996)Toestablish social cohesion for a nation edifice project a common personal identity element element mustbe established, linguistic campaigns are a powerful tool in doing this. Itallows for people to bring the communities fears together by reducingembarrassment about covering a native language.(Webber 1991 Trueta 2008)TheCatalan region in the North West of Spain during the Franco regime (1939-1975)had languages and identities supressed along with other regions. This thenmeant that Barcelona, the capital of Catalonia, had suffered neglect. Hisregime created tensions in the countrys political frame. It believed that Spainconsists of ethnically defined identities in several regions (Bylan 2014). Whendemocracy was restored after 1975, there had been a hawk towards expressingthe regional identities. The Catalan region sees itself as an independentmetropolis (Mellon,2008) Inhistory by 1898, the superpatriotic movements of Catalonia and the Basque countryhad emerged in wanting their own identity, these sources of national identitythreatened the hegemonic position of Spanish nationalism (Muro 2005 PozoAndrs and Braster 1999). Basque and Catalan nationalist movements however inmore recent time within Spain have unified this Spanish nationalism again(Muro 2005). Spain is not however aformal federation it is a unitary state that has given devolving power toseventeen supreme communities and two autonomous cities in a system that iscalled the state of autonomies (Bylan 2014). Thisis consistent with the theory that contemporary separatism is the product ofthe rise in modern nationalism and that they are overcoming the previous nationbuilding project. Today in Catalonia, the current project is to build trueCatalan culture through language as this is the ultimate expression. (Illas,2014). Catalonians also express this through rituals and festivities such as humantowers (Castells) (Giner 1980). The separatist movement had been mainly led bylinguistics and a traversed class with rallies in 2010, 2012, 2013 and 2014that have staged a transformation in separatism (Illas 2014). The modern-daydisparities of the Catalan people are based upon their history. 4.0 Historical context Tounderstand fully where Catalonia fits within the nation-building theories it isimportant to understand the common historical narrative within the state. Startingwith the 14th century within Catalon ia, there was political andeconomic decline, due to the successive waves of the great plague. By 1365Catalonia has lost half a million people, and in the 15th centuryBarcelona had its lower ever population. (Giner 1980). During the 15thcentury the Catalan capital was gripped by the civil war. The maritime powerthat once existed there was starting to decline. (Giner 1980). Now, there was atransition from early gallant contractually to liberal societies who have moreof an individualistic approach. Elliot (1963) mentions the revolt of thereappears between 1640- 1652, when the Catalan people united due to castilegiving them harsh treatment. Thewar of succession in Spain happened between 1702 to 1714. Barcelona resisted unificationand was besieged in march 1713 (Guibernau, 2000) Felipe V built a fort (theCiutadella) so Barcelona could be watched. He banned makeup and teaching inCatalan and distributed Catalonias possessions to great powers (Webber, 1991)This abolished Catalan rights an d liberties and they were subject to regimeoccupation (Gibernau 2000 Gibernau 2014). The events that took place startedthe fulfil of national integration and state-building within Catalonia (Moreno1988)In the18th century the Spanish economy was based around agriculture. TheNapoleonic invasion deva verbalize the country and lead to political instability(Patrick 2016). Catalonia made positive gains with the urban middle classes andcreated confidence. Barcelona was then transformed into the capital of asociety that was industrialising and modernising (Webber 1991). Defeudalizationwas happening around this time. Spain was in the mathematical operation of homogenisationunder the bourbons. They forcibly generalised the Castilian law and the institutions,they were creating a modern centralised state and this was accomplished in 1812.(Giner,1980) The trade unionmovement after World War One was led by the Confederacin Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) whichhad 80& of the cities workers. Between 1919 and 1920 there was a wave ofstrikes and union leaders were eliminated. Dictator cosmopolitan Miguel primo Riverahad conflicting views on the work-class radicalism (Giner 1980) Riverasrepression ended in 1930, he did not successfully stop the unity in Catalonia. In1931 the formation of a Spains republic this was driven by the EsquerraRepublicana de Catalunya. The leftist popular front in 1936 won genuineautonomy (Guibernau 2014 Illas 2014). The class system of the society at thattime was a product of the successive waves of industrialisation and advances inurbanisation. (Giner 1980). The genuineautonomy that was gained by the Catalonians was short lived as the result ofthe Spanish civil war between 1936-1939.After Francisco Francos Victory in thewar he imposed a pro-fascist and militarised Spain, laying emphasize on Castileas the ethnic core of the nation (Muro 2005). The Franco regime between1939-1975 supressed the languages and identities of the Catalonian people(Webber 1991 ). During this time persecutions took place of Intellectuals andlanguage speakers. The education system featured no Catalan and the streetnames were changed to Castilian Spanish (Marinzel 2014). Francoist propagandachanged the narrative of the civil war to be that of a crusade and associatedleftists and anti-Spain figures as a cancer of the nation that needed to becured (Richards 1998) The Catalonianpopulation increased with massive migrations from deprived areas in other partsof Spain during the 1960s and 1970s (Serrano 2013). During this time,Catalonian separatism was emergent again as a political opposition to thedictatorship. They rivalled in literature and the arts which moulded theCatalan identity (Muro 2005). After Francos death in 1975, a central part of theregional policy was to arouse the Catalan language. In 1978 Catalonian wasdefined as a democratic state within the new Spanish constitution which hadgranted autonomy (Giberneau 2000). This allowed for the Catalan people tochange the educational system and policies within the region. In 1975 online60% of people in Catalonia spoke Catalan whereas in 2001, 76% of Cataloniansspoke Catalan (Borgen 2010). regional feelings for Catalan nationalism rose inthe 1990s and early 2000s, with it being rated sixth amid Spanish autonomouscommunities (Moreno 2001). Patterns of similar relationships between identityand independence emerge (Muro 2005 Serreno 2013).5.0 Discussion Nationalismchanges all the rules a nations instauration is based upon the past experiencesand it challenges historians to decide a nations existence. History however isnot as clear as would believe and interpretations and narratives can be various (Marino 2002). Modern day nationalism may be overcoming the previousnation-building project. Catalonians hope to achieve this by assertion of theirown culture (Illas 2014). The region has been suppression numerous times asmentioned and the clear territory and history that define it as a nation are intelligible(Smith 1998). In thefight for independence Catalonia is aware that that staying a part of theEuropean union is important, as there are untroubled ties with Spain and theEuropean single market. With the situation in Catalonia baring resemblance tothat in Scotland and the Catalan foreign affairs minister recognises that itshould too have the right to vote in a legal referendum as that would stay trueto democracy and a constitution is a text that is written under certaincircumstances, these circumstances can change. (The guardian 2016)Brexitin the UK isnt good news as it questions the European project. An MP calledCiudadanos accused the separatist movement of removing the state out of the 21stcentury. Previously however other politicians such as Mr Fernandez wouldwelcome an exit from the EU as he sees it as being discover by capitalists. (TheIndependent 2015) Therise in separatism and the need for independence grows stronger as the Catalangovernment fight for responsib ility for taxation and spending policy (Boylan2015). Previous grievances have shaped Catalonia culture and the hope toreturn to being an autonomous region is still wanted. The Catalans may fallinto Renans definition in 1882 of a nation agroup of people united by a mistaken view about the past and a hatred of their neighboursas the public polls reflect a rise of opinion of violence in the region. ArthurMas the former president hopes that his prosecution for the illegally deemedpoll will also be a cry for the cause of independence from Spain (The Financialtimes 2017). 6.0 Field based analysis 6.1 Methodology 6.1.1 Day 1 empiric study oflandscape Figure 1 The dispatch that was taken on the branch day during the streetscape observational exercise Thestreetscape of Barcelona needed to be understood. A transect of the area wascarried out in small groups. These groups covered different areas all meetingback at the very(prenominal) extremum at the Sagrada Familia, the route can be se en in figure1. Theresults of the small groups were combined to gain a large-scale view of thearea. Along this route elements that are seen to represent the Catalan conflictwere taken argumentation of. The different types of yields, graffiti, street names andpolitical posters and murals along with anything else that could be seen topotentially represent the conflict were recorded. Within a table format theroute walkwayed was recorded along with where the observation occurred and a small treatment was help to note the implications of what we had seen. Thedifferences in areas we walked through was noted as the route lead to a phaetonarea however was through mainly residential streets.6.1.2 Day 2 Historical Narrative Aguided walk through the city was undertook to identify the memorials that maycommemorate previous conflicts. Along the walk the epoch in which the monumentwas erected was taken down, along with what it was and what it iscommemorating. The reason behind doing this w as to analyse how culture andhistory is remembered within Barcelona. Certain aspects of the monuments werenoted such as what way the history is shown and If the monument represents oneside more. Togauge an idea of the historical narrative Barcelona was trying to perceive, 3historical sites were visited. These were the Catalan museum, El Borne amount of moneyand memorial democratic. The sites were visited to understand the story theyare telling. A similar study was undertaken by Breen et al (2016), andobservations were noted such as, is there anything that is not present withinthe museum? Is there any important messages they are trying to highlight? Isthere a main language? To seewhether the people within the museum either workings or visiting understood itsrole, a semi structured interview was carried out. The questions asked recorded theirunderstanding of the role, if hereditary pattern take ons a role in Catalan separatism and whetherany part of the perfume was controversial. 6.1.3 Day 3- Semi- integrated Interviews Amethod of semi structured interviews was carried out to collect qualitative data on the publics perceptions of important issues with Catalonia whilstgathering information about the person in question. The questions that wereasked wereAre you from this neighbourhood?What is your first language?Did you vote in the last referendum?Were you happy with the outcome?Do you think Catalonia will gain independence?Do you think this will be achieved peacefully?Thesequestions were asked to gather information on, the nationality of the person,the language in which they see to be their language, their politicalparticipation, their views about the last referendum and views on futureindependence for the state along with how possible violence will be. Cohenand Crabtree (2006) have shown the benefits of using semi structured interviewsas you will only get to speak with that person one time. They also highlightthe importance of it being undertaken by small g roups as they collect the sameinformation to show the varied opinion over a large area. The results are comparable and the results are collated. With a large sample taken the resultscould be representative public opinion and could be compared with polls thathave been previously taken. This will show how the opinions in the region havechanged over time. The route that was taken can be seen in figure 2. Figure 2 Route taken and main stops while conducting semi structured interviews. 6.1.4 Day 4- Quantitative DataAquantitative data collection in the form of a social vulnerability survey.Social vulnerability shows which elements of society are worrying the most. Thesurvey had a scoring system included the value 1 meaning that they strongly agreewith the dictation and 5 representing strongly disagree. The statementsrepresented the social, economic, environmental and political situations alongwith opinions on the future of Catalonia.This type of survey was conducted in small groups aga in and allowed theresults to be combined and numerically represented. The triangulation of multiplemethods stated within Duffys (1987)s papers shows that this method gives acomplete collection approach. 7.2 Observations and Results 7.2.1 Street Observational abide by Fromthe transect that was carried out general observations were made. The city hasundergone times of suppression and conflict and from the observationsgeneralities were made as things find could be expressions of nation-hood. Hans Christian Andersen in 1862, commented on Barcelonaby saying that the city was the Paris of Spain. The first leading light feature wasthat of the layout of the streets, the city consists of grand octagonal blocks.Antoni Gaudi has a huge influence on the architecture of Barcelona, with more Catalanpeople they associate his work with a period called Renaixena, which tried toshow better times (Giner 1980). He has become a symbol of the city.TheFlags that were on the residential buildings held m uch significance to how theystood politically. The flags that presented Catalonia were mainly turn tailn onbuildings that were residential with the souvenir shops that sold the flagsonly stocking Catalan related items. The flags within the residential areadiffered, from the slogan that was upon it to whether it had a star present. Theycan lodge a political message and are used in campaigns. It is a tool in whichthe Catalan people are not afraid to change, with a flag holding greatsignificance to a group of people, they are willing to alter the flag to send astrong political message (Borgen, 2010). Alongside the Catalan flag EU flagswere found, this says that the Catalan people are scared that with independencecome an exit from the single market. This is a strong incentive to stay withinthe unified state of Spain (Patrick 2016). Scotland holds close parallels insituations with Catalonia. The British government has also driven nationalismin the last referendum with the fear of leav ing the European Union. The economical flag was discover on the transect wake the close similarities. TheCatalan flags declined in numbers when leaving the residential area headingtowards the centre. The buildings in the centre had more Spanish flags as thesewere mainly political or emolument providing premises such as hotels (figure 3a). The Spanish flag should beflown on a Spanish building and if that place is not meant to have a politicalview, then both flags would be outside of the building. Both flags wereobserved on hotels and tourist areas. Insome areas both flags of region and state were also seen, this shows loyalty toan area. For example,a bacelonetta flag seen in figure 3b Figure 3 (A) Spanish flag being flown outside of the Military building in Las Ramblas. (B) Barcelonetta regional flag. Thestreet names were in Catalan with many commemorating people who have beeninfluences from Catalan (figure 4a).The Sagrada Familia has taken a century to complete, still not being finished.The architect of the building is Antoni Gaudi it is a statement of the Catalanculture and is the most visited place within Spain. Throughout the streetscape we encounteredpolitical graffiti that was around the city percentaged the political opinions ofpeople within the community who wanted that message to be shown (figure 4b). Figure 4 (A) street sign with dedication to a self-acclaimed Catalonian. (B) Graffiti that reads Anti-Fascist Area. 7.2.2 MonumentsMonumentsplay an important role in who society idealises as symbols of culture.Barcelona has many monuments that were observed to understand their politicalmessage for an independent Catalonia. Theplaza de Torro monumental is a bull fighting ring that existed in the 20thcentury. The building is influences by Islamic goal replicating dcor fromthe previous 8th century invasion from north Africa. The buildingtoday has been re declare oneselfd as a museum due to the recent ban from Catalonia in2012 for bull fighting (The gu ardian 2011). This is extremely important as theyhad ended a 600-year-old tradition within Spain, stepping away from theculture. The Universal exhibition was held in Barcelonain 1888. The triomf was to defend victory and national pride. The Arc linksBarcelonas medieval past with its future. Beyond the arc lies the park, withthe Catalan parliament building residing within the parks grounds. The park hasa Zoo and an elaborate fountain which at the time was put in place to show howadvanced the people of Barcelona were. Like many other cities have done in thepast, such as Paris. The Main Cascada monument is a grand projectthat took place for the 1888 universal exposition and a small contributor to itwas Antoni Gaudi. The grand waterfall features goddesses cover idealisingwomen and sexism that existed at that time. A band stand within the Cuitedella Park wasdedicated in 1991 to a transgender teen who was killed. This show thecities progressive attitudes to social problems. The Als Vol untaris Catalanstatue in the Cuitedella park is dedicated to the volunteers of the first andsecond war. The monument was subject to violations during the Franco regimewith its arms being cut off in 1952. The internal flame (Fossar de les Moreres) wasobserved within in gothic quarter and is a contested symbolism, as it is seento be site of the burying ground for the fallen during the siege of Barcelona in 1714.This site for Catalonians is a reminder of the homage. On the 11thof September (ladeada) people gather to this space to remember the battle. Thesymbolism is contested but it is used to further the nation building project. 7.2.3 Museum overview Tounderstand the historical narrative that was being projected upon the Catalanpeople, three institutions were visited to understand how they wererepresenting the history of their culture. The first site visited was theChristopher Columbus statue. This statue was erected for the Universalexpedition in Barcelona in 1888. Groups of anti-ca pitalist councillor inBarcelona however said that the city should not be celebrating the explorerscolonial legacy (The Guardian 2016). The emphasises the Catalonians feelingstoward colonialization and suppression. Thesecond Museum that was visited was the Catalan museum, the directled institutionhas 3 floors which displayed a different time within Catalan history, from thebottom floor up it contained the history from the popish times to the top flowhaving recent achievements from the 21st century. An observationmade was the fact that within the Catalan museum the paint on the walls werered and black, the colours of the anarchists. This may not have beenintentional but could be a subliminal message as within the museum the Catalanculture was storeyed. Franco is not liked within the museum. From the semi,structured interviews conducted a worker of the museum stated that Spanishpeople will say that the museum is a lie, however the intended audience is theCatalan people and the inter national community. A museum worker was quoted insaying that the museum celebrated his heritage and that it has influence inthe separatist movement. Sympatheticlanguage was used within the Catalan museum a phrase observed in the Franco dictatorshipsection said the unmistakable aim of Francoism was to strip Catalonia of itsnationhood strong language was focused upon within the museum. Descriptivewords were mentioned in nearly every time that contained suppression ofCatalonias identity. Another example of this read in the museum was languagewas a slow and uneven process. The Catalonian history is showing the notion ofseparatism by identifying themselves as different from the Spanish, A person atthe museum was quoting in saying that the Spanish believe that this is allmade up showing Spains inevitable unwillingness to accept Catalonia as anation. Whereas museums are understood to be some of the key places that assume the message of what a nation is (Ashworth et al 2007)The el born cen tre showcases the streetscapewithin Barcelona during the 18th century. This streetscaperepresents Barcelona in a time when they had independence from Spain, thearchaeologists could have kept excavating and gotten to a roman street. Theystopped on purpose to give a utopian image of a time of independence when itwas a vibrant multicultural marketing town. This gave the visualisation thatthere were greenspaces with music and food in the once internationally tradingtown. This is a clear political message of culture and heritage used at the ElBorne (Breen at al 2016) It has been argued that the visitor of a museum willconnect to the personal account of the narrative that is being told (Fladmark2015). People had been quoted in saying that the centre had beencontroversial. An exhibition was spoken about that featured Franco and hisdictatorship, the Exhibition was meant to last for a couple of months howeverit took the Catalan 4 days from when it started to have it removed. Thehostility and want to forget the hidden period of Francos dictatorship isevident in their actions. The importance of these institutions is topromote culture. These centres could be understood to b a part of thenation-building narrative which are in line with the core set of grievancesthat are within Catalonia (Breen at al 2016) 7.2.4 GrievancesCatalonia has a key set of grievances towardsthe Spanish state shown in Figure 5.A few of these issues are going to be discussed. Figure 5- grievance model visually showing the key set of grievances within Catalonia. A key issue in the region is how the money thatthe state lay down is used. Economically Catalonian has had historicalgrievances with the state, first starting with the Catalan bourgeois and modernindustrialisation in the nineteenth century. Spain believe that Cataloniaare financial parasites that dont grant enough for Spain. Catalonia todayhas a pecuniary deficit of 9.76%, this is highest taxed region in Europe. Thepeople of Catalonia fee l exploited as they cannot declare their own championshipwhen new services are needed within the state. Barcelona is the most visitedregion within Spain. The media and television play a large part inleft and right wing narratives. A nation state emphasize political views thisway. Gellner stressed the importance of communication in societies, the powerto control the media modifies culture and is incumbent for the homogenisationof the state. (Gellner 1983)Sport is an important cultural event for Catalanpeople. The Barcelona football club during Francoism was a agency ofthe Catalan nationalism and resistance against the dictatorship (Giberneau2000) Sport is a powerful means of expressing identity (Trueta 2008). At the 17thminute and 14th second, the crowd will stand and shout Independenceas this date is representative of the last year they were an autonomous state.Language is important when expressing cultureand the use of a language can indicate your current feelings politically(W oolard 1984). The Catalan language as mentioned through the report has beensupressed, hotheaded the need for the language to be expressed and recognisedinternationally. 7.2.5 Surveyresults A qualitative survey method was undertaken to test the supposalof will Catalonia resort to violence togain independence. The results of the surveys are below (Table 1) Table 1 Combined group results of qualitative survey. Table 1 Combined group results of qualitative survey. Theresults obtained from the combined groups matches those gather from theCatalan government in their recent poll. With the representative sample sizeand closely comparable results the figures gather are reliable. The surveywas conducted in English however the fluency in Catalan and birthplace find out majorly their identity (Webber 1991) which would be closely linkedwith how they would feel about independence. The difference in percentagebetween the two opposing opinions (independence vs no independence) is not thathigh. The surprising figure is that of violence, with many key events happeningin the last 12 months such as the arrest of Arthur Mas, change would be assumed.Triggers such as that would offend a sense of undermining and this mayincrease the likely hood of violence. Historically within Catatonia has hadsuch events. Figure 6 shows an ice berg model, which is a visual representationof some key events in Catalan history. From the results obtained the mediationstage was considered as the point of conflict Catalonia as both sides have notyet concluded what they want. Figure 6 Key moments in recent Catalan history that has led to a rise in separatism within the state, key events are symbolled. 5.2.6 Social Vulnerability SurveyTheseresults are those obtained from quantitative surveys (figure 7). The total number of respondents was 139. Figure 7 Social vulnerability pentagon, highlighting main worries. Thecloser the result is to the centre the more of an issue they feel as though itis. With th e survey showing that people are worried about the governance,environment and future threats gives an idea of the key grievances today. Theeconomy is not a worrying factor as there has been on the rise since 2008 afterthe recession. The social aspects of spiritedness are not worrying factors in society. Inregards to the environment, water is not evenly dispersed across the region.The summer months also bring a lot of pollution as tourists leave litter, whichwas pointed out by a shop keeper during an interview. 5.3 Conclusion Toconclude, Catalonia has been experiencing separatism for many generations. Theconflict so far within the state has remaining non-violent however this figurecould change. The rise in percentage of people who believe violence will startechoes the increasing political tensions however 15% is not enough to acceptthe hypothesis stated as 85% do not believe there will be a need to resort toviolence. The politicians are becoming impatient waiting on a referendum whe nother democratic places such as Scotland have been allowed to do so, with themnot being allowed it feels as though the Franco influences have not yetdisappeared. This is reflected on the social vulnerability results withgovernance scoring low. 5.4 Recommendations Thekey recommendations for peace within the region are Allowingthe Catalan government, the ability to reinvest the budget which will help inimproving infrastructure. Themedia needs to have an unbiased opinion. Fiscaldeficit needs improved and theres a lot of tension towards Spain and theuneven taxingGentrificationof city centre, leaving the city centre inhabitable by people who would beworking in the city. Toallow for an official referendum. BibliographyAgnew,J., 2001. Regions in revolt. Progress in Human Geography, 25(1), pp.103111. Anderson,B. 1983 Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and blossom ofNationalism London Verso. AndersonB (2006) Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and Spread ofNationalis m, revised edn. London VersoAshworth, G.J., Graham, B.J. and Tunbridge,J.E., 2007.Pluralising pastsheritage, identity and place in multicultural societies. 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The Catalan language xprogress towards normalisation,Trueta, M.S., Bulls and donkeys. Nationalidentity and symbols in Catalonia and Spain.AQM A Mechanism of over-crowding manage in NetworksAQM A Mechanism of Congestion Control in Networks Saira Saeed, Bilal Shams,Abstract Congestion in the network occurs when node or link carries so much data that its quality of service downgrade. Active queue management is the most well-known algorithmic programic rule to control over-crowding in the network. This paper discussed some of the queue continuance based and load based algorithms in AQM, we also highlighted its pros and cons.Keyword over-crowding, Active queue management1. Introduction Congestion can take place at sensors that receive more data than its soapimum forwarding rate. These consequences in long stick in data delivery and wasting of resources due to lost or dropped packets. When over-crowding occurs in network the Quality of service will disturb which is an important feature in sending data from node to another. When relent infest the packet drops so it would increase the energy consumptions of a sensor as the packets need to be retransmitted. higher(prenominal) packet drops will also reduce the throughput of the data. Some multimedia data such as voice and video are critical to time delay 1. Thus, congestion needs to be controlled to ensure that the end-to-end delay is also minimized.2. Active queue management (AQM)The role of Active dress Management (AQM) in IP networks was to balance the work of end-system protocols such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in congestion control hence to enlarge network utilization, and limit packet loss and delay.2 AQM is a scheme which shares bandwidth middling and control congestion over the routers/internet. According to the congestion metric active queue management has assort in to queue length based, load based and queue length and load based.Fig.2. Classificat ion of AQM scheme. 3Congestion is observed by average queue length in queue based schemes, and the control aspires to change the queue length. The downside of queue based scheme is that a backlog is inherently required. Load based schemes barely predict the utilization of the link, and determine congestion and take actions based on the packet arrival rate. Rate-based schemes can grant Early feedback for congestion. The goals of the load based AQMs are to alleviate rate mismatch between enqueue and dequeue, and achieve low loss, low delay and high link utilization. The third AQM scheme is the combination of load based and queue length which measure congestion and get a tradeoff between queues stability and responsiveness. 3In this paper we just discussed the queue length based and load based briefly.3. AQMs Based On find Length Merit.3.1. Random Early Detection (RED).The main objectives of RED is to minimize packet loss and queuing delay, countermand global synchronization of sou rces, maintain high link utilization, and remove biases against bursty flows. RED avoids congestion early and delivers congestion notification to the end source and allows them to reduce the transmission rate before overflow occurs. To reduce the delay of flows RED keeps the queue size full. RED maintains an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) of the queue length which is used to detect incipient congestion. When average queue length greater than min threshold, packets are indiscriminately dropped or marked with explicitly congestion notification (ECN). 45 When average queue length greater max threshold all packets are dropped or marked.Fig.3. RED algorithm 33.2. FRED (Fair random early detection)FRED is modified interpretation of RED therefore it reduces the unfairness of RED. Inside the internet route FRED maintains state information for every flow. When different types of traffic shares one link, RED allows unfair bandwidth sharing because RED does not take the bandwid th utilization of the flow into account when dropping packets. The author proposes FRED as solution. The main objective of fair random flow is to provide different strategies of dropping to different kind of flows. Flows that take more bandwidth shall be isolated where as low speed and bursty flows should be protected and safe from dropping. survey2FRED maintains queue size of per flow and drops packets conditionally comparing per flow queue size with average per flow queue. Fig.4. FRED Algorithm 43.3. CHOKE (Choose and Keep for responsive flows, Choose and devour for unresponsive flows)In the CHOKE algorithm a packet is drawn randomly from FIFO moderate whenever a new packet arrived at congestion router. This packet is compared with newly arriving packet. Both packets are dropped if it belongs to the same flow, otherwise the new incoming packet is confessed into the buffer with a probability that depends on the level of congestion and the randomly chosen packet is kept intact. CH OKE is simplest and stateless algorithm which does not provide any special data structure. However when the number of flows is large compared to the buffer space than this algorithm performance is not well. 6 Fig.5. CHOKE algorithm4. AQM on load based.4.1. unrelenting A New Class of Active Queue Management Algorithms.RED queue length gives very little information about the number of competing connections in a shared link. BLUE overcome the drawbacks of RED by using packet loss and link idle events for protecting TCP flows against non-responsive flows. 1 BLUE, basically is a different active queue management algorithm which uses packet loss and link utilization history to manage congestion.BLUE keep up a single probability, which it uses to mark or drop packets when they are queued. If the queue is frequently dropping packets due to buffer overflow, BLUE increments the marking probability, therefore increasing the rate at which it sends back congestion notification. On the other han d, if the queue becomes empty or if the link is idle, BLUE decreases its marking probability.The main purpose of using BLUE is that congestion control can be performed with a least amount of buffer size. Other algorithms like RED need a large buffer size to attain the same goal. 7 Fig.6. BLUE Algorithm.4.2. SFED selective Fair Early DetectionSelective fair early detection is an easy to implement rate control based AQM discipline which can be joined with any scheduling discipline. It maintains a relic put for every flow or comprehensive flows. The token filling rates are in proportion to the allowable bandwidths. The tokens are removed from the corresponding bucket whenever a packet is enqueued. The decision to enqueue or drop a packet of any flow depends on the occupancy of its bucket at that time. A sending rate higher than the permitted bandwidth results in low bucket occupancy and so a large drop probability thus indicating the onset of congestion at the gateway. This ensures the adaptive flow to attain a steady state and prevents it from getting penalized severely. However non-adaptive flows will continue to send at the same rate and thus will suffer more losses. The rate at which the tokens are removed from bucket of a flow is equal to the rate of incoming packets of that flow, but the rate of addition of tokens in a bucket depends on its permitted share of bandwidth and not on the rate at which packets of that particular flow are dequeued. In this way token bucket controls the bandwidth consumed by a flow.8.4.3. FABA Fair adaptive bandwidth allocationFABA is the extension of SFED and can be coupled with any simplest scheduling discipline like FCFS first in first served). FABA has many objectives likeIt allocates fair bandwidth amongst flows.It can avoid congestion by early detection and notification,It has low capital punishment complexity.Easy extension to provide differentiated services.FABA deals with both adaptive and non-adaptive traffic while p roviding incentive for flows to curb end-to end congestion control. It uses a rate control based mechanism to achieve fairness amongst flows at a router. 9 As in random early detection (RED), congestion is detected early and notified to the source.Table.1. potence and Weakness of AQM Algorisms.It had any scheduling disciplineFABAVery high complexity, computation.6. Conclusion In this paper we have state the term AQM and its algorithms. We have highlighted some of queue length based and queue based algorithm with its strength and weakness.References1 husna zainol abidin , yuslinda wati mohamad yusof,saiful izwan suliman, network using fairness bandwidth allocation. october 2008.2 richelle adams, active queue management a survey, ieee communications surveys tutorials, vol. 15, no. 3, third quarter 20133 c.dhivya1, e.george dharma prakash raj2, survey on load based aqm algorithms, vol.1.issue.2.20134,Ningning Hu, Liu Ren (emailprotected) Jichuan Chang, Evaluation of Queue Management Algorithms, Course Project Report for 15-744 Computer Networks5 dive et al.. 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