Lavender ( Class 10 English Group Work ) (Group 6 ) free essay sample

This article is about the genus of flowering plants. For other uses, see Lavender (disambiguation). Lavender Lavender flowers Scientific classification Kingdom:Plantae (unranked):Angiosperms (unranked):Eudicots (unranked):Asterids Order:Lamiales Family:Lamiaceae Subfamily:Nepetoideae Tribe:Lavanduleae Genus:Lavandula L. Type species Lavandula spica L. Species 39 species, including some hybrids, see text. The lavenders (Lavandula) are a genus of 39 species of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. An Old World genus, distributed from Macaronesia (Cape Verde and Canary Islands and Madeira) across Africa, the Mediterranean, South-West Asia, Arabia, Western Iran and South-East India. It is thought the genus originated in Asia but is most diversified in its western distribution. The genus includes annuals, herbaceous plants, subshrubs, and small shrubs. The native range extends across the Canary Islands, North and East Africa, Southern Europe and the Mediterranean, Arabia and India. Because the cultivated forms are planted in gardens worldwide, they are occasionally found growing wild as garden escapees, well beyond their natural range. We will write a custom essay sample on Lavender ( Class 10 English Group Work ) (Group 6 ) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, since lavender cross-pollinates easily, there are countless variations within the species. The color of the flowers of some forms has come to be called lavender. Contents [hide] 1 Botany 1. 1 Nomenclature and taxonomy 1. 1. 1 History 1. 1. 2 Current classification 2 Growing lavenders 3 Uses 3. 1 Culinary use 3. 2 Medicinal use 3. 3 Health precautions 3. 3. 1 Controversy over possible endocrine-disrupting activity 3. 4 Other uses 4 History 5 Taxonomic table 6 Gallery 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links [edit]Botany The leaves are long and narrow in most species. In other species they are pinnately toothed, or pinnate, sometimes multiple pinnate and dissected. Flowers are borne in whorls, held on spikes rising above the foliage. Flowers may be blue, violet or lilac. The calyx is tubular, with five lobes. The corolla is often asymmetric. [1] [edit]Nomenclature and taxonomy [edit]History Historically L. stoechas, L. pedunculata and L. dentata were described in Roman times (Lis-Balchin 2002). From the Middle Ages onwards, the European species were considered two separate groups or genera, Stoechas (LL. toechas, pedunculata, dentata) and Lavandula (LL. spica, latifolia), until Linnaeus combined them, believing the name lavandula derived from the Latin lavare to wash, referring to the use of infusions of the plants. He only recognised 5 species in the Species Plantarum (1753), L. multifida and L. dentata (Spain) and L. stoechas and L. spica from Southern Europe. L. pedunculata was included within L. stoechas. By 1790 L. pinnata and L. carnosa were recognised. The latter was subsequently transferred to Anisochilus. By 1826 de Lassaras described 12 species in three sections, and y 1848 eighteen species were known. One of the first modern major classifications was that of Dorothy Chaytor in 1937 at Kew. The six sections she proposed for 28 species still left many intermediates that could not easily be assigned. Her sections included Stoechas, Spica, Subnudae, Pterostoechas, Chaetostachys and Dentatae. However all the major cultivated and commercial forms resided in the Stoechas and Spica sections. There were four species within Stoechas (Lavandula stoechas, L. dentata, L. viridis and L. pedunculata) while Spica had three (L. officinalis (now L. ngustifolia), L. latifolia and L. lanata). She believed that the garden varieties were hybrids between true lavender L. angustifolia and spike lavender (L. latifolia). [2] [edit]Current classification Currently Lavandula is considered to have 3 subgenera (Upson and Andrews 2004), Lavandu la, Fabricia and Sabaudia. In addition there are numerous hybrids and cultivars in commercial and horticultural usage. A number of other species within Lamiaceae are closely related (outgroups) including Ocimum gratissimum, Hyptis pectinata, Plectranthus barbatus and Tetradenia fruticosa. 3] The first major clade corresponds to subgenus Lavendula, and the second Fabricia. The Sabaudia group is less clearly defined. Within the lavendula clade, the subclades correspond to the existing sections, but place Dentatae separately from Stoechas, not within it. Within the Fabricia clade, the subclades correspond to Pterostoechas, Subnudae, and Chaetostachys. Thus the current classification includes 39 species distributed across 8 sections (the original 6 of Chaytor and the two new sections of Upson and Andrews), in three subgenera (see Table below). [edit]Growing lavenders Lavenders flourish best in dry, well-drained, sandy or gravelly soils in full sun. [4] All types need little or no fertilizer and good air circulation; in areas of high humidity, root rot due to fungus infection can be a problem. Avoid organic mulches; use pea gravel, decomposed granite, or sand instead, as organics can trap moisture around the plants bases, encouraging root rot. [5] Currently Lavandula is considered to have 3 subgenera (Upson and Andrews 2004), Lavandula, Fabricia and Sabaudia. In addition there are numerous hybrids and cultivars in commercial and horticultural usage. A umber of other species within Lamiaceae are closely related (outgroups) including Ocimum gratissimum, Hyptis pectinata, Plectranthus barbatus and Tetradenia fruticosa. [3] [edit]Uses The most common true species in cultivation is the common or English lavender Lavandula angustifolia (formerly L. officinalis). A wide range of cultivars can be found. Other commonly grown ornamental species are L. stoec has, (Spanish lavender) L. dentata (French lavender), and L. multifida (Egyptian lavender). Some species such as Lavandula stoechas are not winter hardy in temperate climates USDA Zones 8-10). 6] The lavandins Lavandula ? intermedia are a class of hybrids of L. angustifolia and L. latifolia. [7] The lavandins are widely cultivated for commercial use, since their flowers tend to be bigger than those of English lavender and the plants tend to be easier to harvest, but lavandin oil is regarded by some to be of a lower quality than that of English lavender, with a perfume less sweet. [8] [edit]Culinary use A bee on a lavender flower Flowers yield abundant nectar from which bees make a high-quality honey. Monofloral honey is produced primarily around the Mediterranean, and is marketed worldwide as a premium product. Flowers can be candied and are sometimes used as cake decorations. Lavender flavors baked goods and desserts (it pairs especially well with chocolate), and is also used to make lavender sugar. [9] Lavender flowers are occasionally blended with black, green, or herbal tea, adding a fresh, relaxing scent and flavour. Though it has many other traditional uses in southern France, lavender is not used in traditional southern French cooking. 10] In the 1970s, a herb blend called herbes de Provence usually including lavender was invented by spice wholesalers,[11] and lavender has more recently become popular in cookery. Lavender lends a floral and slightly sweet flavor to most dishes, and is sometimes paired with sheeps-milk and goats-milk cheeses. For most cooking applications the dried buds (also referred to as flowers) are used, though some chefs experiment with the leaves as well. Only the buds contain the essential oil of lavender, from which the scent and flavour of lavender are best derived. In the United States, both avender syrup and dried lavender buds are used to make lavender scones and marshmallows. [edit]Medicinal use Lavender is used extensively with herbs and aromatherapy. English lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) yields an essential oil with sweet overtones, and can be used in balms, salves, perfumes, cosmetics, and topical applications. Lavandin, Lavandula ? intermedia (also known as Dutch lavender), yields a similar essential oil, but with higher levels of terpenes including camphor, which add a sharper overtone to the fragrance. Mexican lavender, Lavandula stoechas is not used medicinally, but mainly for landscaping. Essential oil of lavender has antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. It was used in hospitals during World War I to disinfect floors and walls. These extracts are also used as fragrances for bath products. According to folk wisdom, lavender has many uses. Infusions of lavender soothe and heal insect bites and burns. Bunches of lavender repel insects. If applied to the temples, lavender oil soothes headaches. In pillows, lavender seeds and flowers aid sleep and relaxation. An infusion of three flowerheads added to a cup of boiling water soothes and relaxes at bedtime. Lavender oil (or extract of Lavender) heals acne when used diluted 1:10 with water, rosewater, or witch hazel; it also treats skin burns and inflammatory conditions. [citation needed] A recent clinical study investigated anxiolytic effects and influence on sleep quality. Lavender oil with a high percentage of linalool and linalyl acetate, in form of capsules, was generally well tolerated. It showed meaningful efficacy in alleviating anxiety and related sleep disturbances. [12] [edit]Health precautions These remedies should be used with caution since lavender oil can also be a powerful allergen. Avoid ingesting lavender during pregnancy and breastfeeding. [13] In vitro, lavender oil is cytotoxic. It increases photosensitivity as well. Lavender oil is cytotoxic to human skin cells in vitro (endothelial cells and fibroblasts) at a concentration of 0. 25%. Linalool, a component of lavender oil, may be its active component. [14] Aqueous extracts reduced mitotic index, but induced chromosomal aberrations and mitotic aberrations in comparison with control, significantly. Aqueous extracts induced breaks, stickiness, pole deviations and micronuclei. These ffects were related to extract concentrations. [15] However, according to a 2005 study although it was recently reported that lavender oil, and its major constituent linalyl acetate, are toxic to human skin cells in vitro, contact dermatitis to lavender oil appears to occur at only a very low frequency. The relevance of this in vitro toxicity to dermatological application of Lavandula oils remains unclear. [16] In terms of phototox icity, a 2007 investigative report from European researchers stated that, Lavender oil and sandalwood oil did not induce photohaemolysis in our test system. However, a few reports on photosensitivity reactions due to these substances have been published, e. g. one patient with persistent light reaction and a positive photo-patch test to sandalwood oil. [17] [edit]Controversy over possible endocrine-disrupting activity In 2007, a study was published in the New England Journal of Medicine which indicated that studies in human cell lines indicated that both lavender oil and tea tree oil had estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities. They concluded that repeated topical exposure to lavender and tea tree oils probably caused prepubertal gynaecomastia in some boys. 18] The study has been criticised on many different levels by many authorities. The Aromatherapy Trade Council of the UK has issued a rebuttal. [19] The Australian Tea Tree Association, a group that promotes the interests of Australian tea tree oil producers, exporters and manufacturers issued a letter that questioned the study and called on the New England Journal of Medicine for a retraction (ATTIA). [20] The New England Journal of Medicine has so far not replied and has not retracted the study. [edit]Other uses Flower spikes are used for dried flower arrangements. The fragrant, pale purple flowers and flower buds are used in potpourris. Lavender is also used extensively as herbal filler inside sachets used to freshen linens. Dried and sealed in pouches, lavender flowers are placed among stored items of clothing to give a fresh fragrance and to deter moths. Dried lavender flowers have become recently popular for wedding confetti. Lavender is also popular in scented waters and sachets. [edit]History The ancient Greeks called the lavender herb nardus, after the Syrian city of Naarda. It was also commonly called nard. 21] Lavender was one of the holy herbs used in the biblical Temple to prepare the holy essence, and nard is mentioned in the Song of Solomon (4,14) nard and saffron,[22] calamus and cinnamon, with every kind of incense tree, with myrrh and aloes, and all the finest spices. [23] During Roman times, flowers were sold for 100 denarii per pound, which was about the same as a months wages for a farm laborer, or fifty haircuts from the loc al barber. Lavender was commonly used in Roman baths to scent the water, and it was thought to restore the skin. citation needed] Its late Latin name was lavandarius, from lavanda (things to be washed), from the verb lavare (to wash). [24] When the Roman Empire conquered southern Britain, the Romans introduced lavender. [citation needed] The Greeks discovered early on that lavender if crushed and treated correctly would release a relaxing fume when burned. [edit]Taxonomic table I. Subgenus Lavandula Upson S. Andrews subgen. nov. i. Section Lavandula (3 species) Lavandula angustifolia Mill. – Common or true lavender, English lavender subsppp. angustifolia, pyrenaica Lavandula latifolia Medik – Portuguese or Spike lavender Lavandula lanata Boiss. Hybrids Lavandula ? chaytorae Upson S. Andrews nothosp. nov. (L. angustifolia subsp. angustifolia x L. lanata ) Lavandula ? intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. (L. angustifolia subsp. angustifolia X L. latifolia ) – Dutch lavender ii. Section Dentatae Suarez-Cerv. Seoane-Camba (1 species) Lavandula dentata L. – French lavender var. dentata (rosea, albiflora), candicans (persicina) [Batt. ] iii. Section Stoechas Ging. (3 species) Lavandula stoechas L. – Spanish lavender Lavandula pedunculata Mill. (Cav. ) Lavandula viridis LHer. Intersectional hybrids (Dentatae and Lavendula) Lavandula ? heterophylla Viv. (L. dentata x L. latifolia ) Lavandula ? allardii Lavandula ? ginginsii Upson S. Andrews nothosp. nov. (L. dentata X L. lanata ) II. Subgenus Fabricia (Adams. ) Upson S. Andrews, comb. nov. iv. Section Pterostoechas Ging. (16 species) Lavandula multifida L. – Fernleaf lavender, Egyptian lavender Lavandula canariensis Mill. Lavandula minutolii Bolle Lavandula bramwellii Upson S. Andrews Lavandula pinnata L. – Fernleaf lavender Lavandula buchii Webb Berthel. Lavandula rotundifolia Benth. Lavandula maroccana Murb. Lavandula tenuisecta Coss. ex Ball Lavandula rejdalii Upson Jury Lavandula mairei Humbert Lavandula coronopifoliaPoir. Lavandula saharica Upson Jury Lavandula antineae Maire Lavandula pubescens Decne. Lavandula citriodora A. G. Mill. Hybrids Lavandula X christiana Gattef. Maire (L. pinnata x L. canariensis) v. Section Subnudae Chaytor (10 species) Lavandula subnuda Benth. Lavandula macra Baker Lavandula dhofarensis A. G. Mill. Lavandula samhanensis Upson S. Andrews sp. nov. Lavandula setifera T. Anderson Lavandula qishnensis Upson S. Andrews sp. nov. Lavandula nimmoi Benth. Lavandula galgalloensis A. G. Mill. Lavandula aristibracteata A. G. Mill. Lavandula somaliensis Chaytor vi. Section Chaetostachys Benth. (2 species) Lavandula bipinnata (Roth) Kuntze Lavandula gibsonii J. Graham vii. Section Hasikenses Upson S. Andrews, sect. nov. (2 species) Lavandula hasikensis A. G. Mill. Lavandula sublepidota Rech. f. III. Subgenus Sabaudia (Buscal. Muschl. ) Upson S. Andrews, comb. et stat. nov. viii. Section Sabaudia (Buscal. Muschl. ) Upson S. Andrews, comb. et stat. nov. (2 species) Lavandula atriplicifolia Benth. Lavandula erythraeae (Chiov. ) Cufod. [edit]

The Tempest and The Road not Taken Essays

The Tempest and The Road not Taken Essays The Tempest and The Road not Taken Paper The Tempest and The Road not Taken Paper Essay Topic: Literature The Road The Tempest Journeys affect each individual in different ways; some are impacted monumentally while others go through events with little or no change. Through character development found in Shakespeares The Tempest as well as the inner conflict depicted through poetic techniques in Robert Frosts The Road not Taken, my understanding of the impact that journeys have has been shaped so that I now appreciate that through emotional and physical events, a deeper insight on life is developed. The Tempest focuses mainly on the emotional transformation of the protagonist Prospero, though other characters experience a change within themselves and how they perceive humanity. The fact that Prospero undergoes such a significant transformation whilst his brother, Antonio, seems untouched by the events and says nothing that hints at the smallest morsel of repentance shows that, though they are both submitted to similar circumstances, the journey has impacted them both in different ways. Although all the actions are aimed at showing the shipwrecked characters their faults, Antonio and Sebastians plot to kill their kind demonstrates that they are incapable of change and gives weight to Prosperos story, causing viewers to empathize with him. Comparisons and contrasts between personalities such as Gonzalo with his idealism and Antonio with his cynicism aid in the development of the characters and the ideas they present. The play is opened with a dramatic storm, symbolizing the political upheaval and imbalance caused by Prosperos brother, Antonio, and the King, Alonso, usurping his rightful position as Duke of Milan. The central plot to the play is Prosperos plan to seek revenge, his bitterness evident when he says to Ariel, with their high wrongs I am struck to thquick. Shakespeares use of magic illusion through the spirit Ariel allows the story to travel beyond the realm of the factual and makes use of imaginative journeys, giving the island a mysterious unknown quality which drives the plot. This, along with imagery through numerous adjectives watery arch assists in the creation of an imaginative atmosphere. The changes within Prospero are gradual but easily seen by his affections towards the relationship between his daughter Miranda and Alonsos only son, Ferdinand. His pity eventually leads to the total forgiveness (I do forgive thee/ unnatural as thou art) of the injustices delivered to him and his daughter 12 years prior. His honorable characteristics are highlighted with virtuous speech such as, Yet with my nobler reason gainst my fury/ do I take part. The rarer action is virtue than in vengeance. Prosperos emotional conflicts and personal journey concludes when he is restored his title and makes plans to return to Milan. Before he does this he forfeits his powers in a soliloquy, this rough magic/I now abjure and frees his followers Ariel and Caliban. He desires to once again live his old life and has realized power is not what is important. This shows a true alteration in him as a person. A different journey is depicted in the poem The Road not Taken. It shows inner conflict as well as the unpredictability of journeys when the narrator unexpectedly reaches a fork in the road. He is sorry I could not travel both as he cannot tell which leads on to a better journey (the other, just as fair), he is forced to make a decision on which path to follow-or, which seems to be more important, which path will not be followed. The fact that he cannot tell how the paths differ symbolizes the fundamental nature of fate and how the choice is given but what will ultimately happen due to our decision depends on providence. The narrator recalls long I stood/and looked down one as far as I could showing his reluctance, though in order to continue on with life, the traveler took the one that looked to be the one less traveled, though he soon finds out that that neither of the roads is less traveled by, the passing there/had worn them really about the same. The title of the poem being The Road Not Taken shows the value that the narrator puts, not in the choice he did make and live but the one that he lost, the one that he can forever wonder about but will never know. The entire poem is an analogy of life and the sudden twists and complications found within it. Frost uses a variety of techniques in order to effectively create this metaphorical and expressive journey. It is a strictly structured poem, following an ABAAB rhyming pattern using simple language, focusing more on the underlying message in the poem as well as word association and connotations of words, for example, the grassy path is associated with ease and comfort. Symbolism is found throughout the 4 stanzas, the yellow wood and the physical autumn changes symbolise the inner change occurring. The last stanza shows the narrator predicting he will be telling this with a sigh/somewhere ages and ages hence. It is neither positive nor negative as the poet himself is yet to find out and only knows that it was a life changing decision that has made all the difference. There is however a hint of remorse, not perhaps for the opinion of a wrong decision but that the decisions themselves have marked the passing of his life-something he will never be able to get back or relive again. Both these texts include journeys of all different forms, all of which have had varying impacts on the personas and readers. Prospero, who began with a bitterness of heart and desire for revenge saw that happiness lay in the forgiveness of his fellows and it was this change within him that allowed for the desirable ending that occurred. The traveler in The Road Not Taken was wizened by the experiences and decisions in life, represented in his physical journey through an autumn wood. Each character was changed in a different, unique way but each gained personal growth. This demonstrates that journeys have different impacts on different people, but it is only through these encounters and lessons that they can develop and expand their knowledge or understanding of the world.

Age Of Sexual Consent In California Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Age Of Sexual Consent In California - Essay Example There is no law in the State of California regarding sexual consent. What exists is the age wherein persons are given full legal capacity free from parental interference. The age of full legal capacity or consent is at the age of 18.In California, a person legally becomes an adult at age 18 and acquires most of the rights, privileges, responsibilities, and obligations of adulthood.athers; 16 year old boys pushed into having oral and anal sex; (3) information regarding sexual encounters or experience of 16 year olds will be divulged notwithstanding the effects that this may cause on the child's mental and social wellbeing. The child as a human being also has a right to privacy and should be spared the ridicule and ostracism 16 year olds are still children half way between adulthood and still being a child. The dictionary defines them as young and immature. They have bodies as developed as adults and still think and reason as children. They are immature and the fact that these children would experiment and desire to experience sex as what they have seen in the Dvd, without thinking of the possible repercussions of their actions in terms if STD's, HIV and even pregnancy is proof of their immaturity. The Dvd or other direct or indirect influences are not to blame for their actions. They will manipulate the use of technology to suit their innermost desires: â€Å"In every era, new technologies are always adapted to sexual uses (Klien, p. 6).†Admittedly these desires are normal. There is nothing wrong in keeping them in control until such time that these children would have grown and be ready to take responsibility for their actions. ... 6)." Admittedly these desires are normal. There is nothing wrong in keeping them in control until such time that these children would have grown and be ready to take responsibility for their actions. Admittedly, this is a part of their self expression. But even this self expression is rooted on how the individual actually behaves. "We can't understand the origins of human sexual expression without knowing more about how we actually behave (Fausto-Sterlin, p.18)." This further proves that the adolescent who behaves in an immature way is not ready to delve into the study of his/her very own sexuality. But to allow these 16 year old children to rampantly experiment is against the mandate given by the people to the State. They are still too young. In fact the benefits of the Alan Guttmacher Institutes' study, greatly favors the experimentation at an age wherein the subjects are ready: "Women who consistently used condoms within their casual relationships had a greater perceived ability to use condoms in difficult situations, expressed a greater need for intimacy within a relationship and were more motivated to have sex to please others or to express love than women who had unsafe casual sex (Alan Guttmacher Institute, p. 57)." This is at 18years old. The study was made among vocational students meaning those that were not in regular schooling for being advance in years. The average age was 18 years old. This proves that 18 year old young adults are mature enough to think and decide for themselves. This study further substantiates the stand of the State that maturity, legal consent and capacity should be retained at 18 years old. Who will protect these children Who will guide them to make the right choices Who is tasked to ensure that their rights

Concert report on our school concert Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Concert report on our school concert - Essay Example The concert started with Hanacpachap Cussicuinin, which reminded old heroic epics by its every sound. After beautiful Intrada 1631 by Stephen Montague, choristers performed liturgical music by Cayetano Pagueras. The cycle of three pieces, which were different in their tempo and character, was full of spiritual power that made people become a part of something bigger, mysterious and sacred. Chà ´ros No. 10 by Heitor Villa-Lobos made a big contrast because it was less harmonic and more complicated in its structure and sounding. Impressive combination of music and vocal again proved the fact that music could communicate the message of the composer better than words. After a short intermission, choristers performed The Promise of Living. It was the most beautiful and pure piece in the program of the concert. It reminded of childhood memories, home and beauty that surrounds those sacred places that dwelled somewhere deep in my heart. Maracatu de Chico Rei was the last piece in the program. It was quite long and consisted of 8 parts. It expressed the power of living through music and traced great Latin rhythms. Overall, it was a great concert and a little journey to Latin America. All pieces performed during the concert were associated with different aspects of living. All of them were beautiful and each attendee could found the tune to fall in love with. Hopefully, it would repeat the future and I would be able to feel the power of Latin American choral music once

Management style theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management style theory - Essay Example Management style is usually an extension of personal style. As explained by Prucell, management style is an extra dimension linked to wider business policy, and at the least, related to guiding principles which infuse management behavior in dealing with employees (Blyton & Tumbull, 256). Management style also depends upon other factors such as organizational culture, local culture, customs, and social dynamics. Based on different traits and behavioral aspects possessed by the business owners, four distinct management styles have been identified autocratic, paternalistic/consultative, democratic and laissez-faire management style (Calvert, Coles & Bailey, 69). Autocratic management style is considered as one of the oldest styles, and individuals with such style tend to keep most of the authority to themselves. These individuals take their own decisions and tend to give orders. By retaining authority, they take charge of work and are extremely quick in actions. In this management style , delegation is absent because the leaders have very little trust in their subordinates. They do not encourage staff feedback or input on any issue. Individuals with this style accomplish the tasks by using power and depend on others for completion the tasks. This kind of management style is best suitable for fast-paced businesses and even unstable businesses. In such businesses, time is a critical factor that determines the fate of the business in terms of growth, profits and sustenance. Hence, decisions and actions need to be very quick. This management style also works very well while dealing with inexperienced workers because their commitment and motivation will be very low. Besides the benefits of autocratic management, its disadvantages are that it creates bitterness and frustration among workers because they tend to feel that their involvement is not given due importance; they feel ignored. Moreover, autocratic managers tend to take all decisions by themselves, and thus limit other possibilities and even block innovation and creativity from workers. This further leads to lack of employee development, which could otherwise be helpful in organizational development too (G Kishel & P Kishel, 157). From employee perspective, autocratic management helps in creating clear goals and expectations without any ambiguities; and it creates a common understanding to a large extent. The best example of autocratic management is the military. Democratic management style encourages employee participation in most of the decision making processes. However, the leader still retains the final right of approval of decisions. Unlike autocratic management, democratic management style involves strong staff participation. Delegation of critical responsibilities and decision making are the most evident features. Sometimes, democratic management involves staff members in goal-setting activities. Staff members have the authority to control and coordinate activities. Moreover, democr atic managers focus on providing positive feedback. Yet, democratic management also follows a top-down communication method. Too much involvement from staff tends to create ambiguity or delay in decision making process (Statt, 118). Democratic style is best suited in organizations with knowledgeable and skilled workers because

Ilm Al-raml In Islamic And Arabic Culture

Ilm Al-raml In Islamic And Arabic Culture Distant as it may seem, synergizing mathematics with divination systems and religious practices that transcend the realm of rational thought is an almost impossible endeavor. To get a clear understanding of into the nature of amtehatmical knowelegdew Nonetheless, a careful and detailed examination of some Historical Background Ilm Al-raml constitutes an omnipresent divination system in the Arabic and Islamic culture. The literature attributes the Arabic term Ilm Al-raml or ilm Al -khutut to Geomancy. Historically, Geomancy constituted a family of divination systems, including such famous members as Ifa, Fa, Sixteen Cowries (Nigeria and West Africa in general), Sikidy (Madagascar and Comoro Island), Ramalasastra (India), I Ching ( China), Hakata (Southern Africa), ilm al-raml or khutut al-raml (North Africa). According to the most recent historical re-enactments, the Hellenic, Jewish, Persian, African, Indian and Chinese borrowings into the Arabic body of geomancy point to a drafting of the classic, strongly astrological geomantic system in Southern Mesopotamia in an Ismaili context in the tenth century CE. Subsequently, the systems rapid and successful spread over the Islamic and Jewish intellectual world, and hence into Europe, Africa and the Indian Ocean region, was largely due to its being preserved in widely circulated treatises. Of these, perhaps the most famous and successful has been the Kitab al-fasl fi usul ilm al-raml) by the Berber sheikh Muhammad al-Zanati (c. 1200 CE) (Van Binsberg , 1996). A careful examination of the binary mathematical structure of both the Southern African four-tablet divination system, and the more directly Arabian-derived forms of geomancy found in the Indian Ocean region led many historians and researchers to hypothesize a series of historical connections. In Arabic Islamic culture, ilm al-raml or sand-science goes back to IdrÄ «s, the Egyptian third Islamic prophet of Allah who came between the prophets Adam and Noah and resided in Egypt during which he undertaken the mission to show people how to write, to sew, to build cities and to use the Science of the Sand(Al-Tokhi,1991). The narrative tells that Idriss was taught this science by an angel sent by Allah and he taught it to his people who were practicing astrology (Tanjjim). Description and interpretations According to the principles of Idrisian facts, all living creatures are made up of four elements: fire, air, water, earth and four results heat, cold, moist, dry, and four directions east, west, south, and north. Also, looking at peoples activities they found that they basically used four major practices: weighing, counting, planting, and farming (Van Binsberg, 1996). Then everything balances on four corners, four figures, four extremities (e.g. the human body), and four elements on which they have built unlimited configurations. Partly rooted in simple chance procedures and random processes (like hitting the earth, throwing tablets, beans, shells etc.), ilm al-raml is a binary system of 16 figures. Each figure is 4 rows high and each row consists of either one dot or two dots. The figures are determined through various methods both ancient and modern. The procedure is called darb al-raml or the forceful hitting of the sand with a stick, in order to produce a random number of dot tra ces or marks which can then be scored as either odd or even. Four figures are created, and a chart is depicted using simple binary multiplication, and is interpreted based on the meanings of each figure. The 4_(number)four binary elements of each figure allow for 24 or 16 different combinations. As there are 4 root figures in each chart, the total number of possible charts equals 16ÃÆ'-16ÃÆ'-16ÃÆ'-16 or 65536. The charts are also interpreted differently. Depending on the nature of the question, ilm al-raml can be considered as one of the most thorough kinds of divination based on only 16 figures which are extremely simple yet with deep connotations. The marks on the ground are interpreted through a process of transformation and elimination, from one horizontal line, with one or two dots (one for odd, two for even), to a four-line symbol, of which there are sixteen 24 configurations (Van Binsberg , 1996, p.5) : With two dots making a line, the above configurations can be written as: More complex procedures may raise this number to any higher power of 2. A written or memorized key (the catalogue) provides the interpretation of each generated symbol and of their combinations. (Van Binsberg , 1996) The origin of this science is the dot and its secret is the odd number. Each of the four basic elements has a dot representation. Knowing that the element fire is lighter than the element air and that air is lighter than water and the water lighter than sand and knowing that the heavy element carries the lighter and not vice versa, so the elements in ilm al-raml follow this order: fire then air then water then sand (Al-Tokhi, 1991). Moreover, they assigned 4 letters from the alphabets to designate each one of the 4 elements. Fire( naar) Air (hawa) Water (maa) Sand (torab) Ù†  (noun) Ù†¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬ (haa) Ù†¦ (meem) Ø ª (taa) Originally, the patterns were created when the munajjim or the geomancer traced dots with a stylus across a board of sand or dust. The geomancer then examines and construes the dots, deriving further patterns, and eventually gives an answer or forecast for his client. Ascribed to this pattern of dots are different meanings and interpretations, related to the colors, months, planets, the four elements, the signs of the zodiac and parts of the body. Conditions when using Ilm al-raml To hit the sand, the hitter or geomancer or Al-Darib should be facing AL Qubla (a place in Mecca where the Muslims do pilgrimage) and should be clean and wearing clean clothes. He should pray, read certain verses from the Quran and place an intention to hit the sand seeking an answer to a question in mind. In the Islamic culture, hitting the sand is not supposed to be done in the following times: during storms or rain, at sunset or sunrise. However, it is preferable to be done after sunset until dawn, the best time is during the night. Also, the hitter shouldnt speak to others while performing the act. He should be joyful and content and should start with hitting the sand from left to right saying these words: Tash 4 torbash 4 shaqoor 4 tazan 4. (Al-Tokhi, 1992). Procedure: How it is done The procedure is administered inductively through a set of pre-determined and systematic series of steps that are embellished by the diviners skill to intensify and epitomize the importance of the act. The series of steps constitutes a decision making algorithm that, upon execution, results in an outcome which is interpreted by the diviner as either good or bad. The steps are illustrated in the following example: Step 1: A customer comes to Al-Darib (the diviner or the person hitting the sand), seeking answers or advice on certain questions. The questions can be related to any type of day-to-day affairs such as marriage/divorce; life/death; finding a thief; pregnancy; happiness; profit/loss, etc.. Step 2: To find the answer, Al-Darib, after fulfilling the above mentioned conditions, makes 4 horizontal lines and on each line he designates 4 rows of random number of dots in such a way that each row has less number of dots than its precedent. Below is a demonstration: Then Al-Darib eliminates the dots two by two, if the remaining is a single dot he puts a dot otherwise he puts a dash sign. This concept is what is known in arithmetic as counting modulo 2. (Ascher, 2002) The above figure is called Al-takht (the board in Arabic) and the resulting 4 shapes or configurations are called the mothers from which the other twelve shapes (4 daughters; 4 granddaughters; 2 off springs; 1 arbitrator; 1 judge) are generated (Al-Tokhi, 1992). Each of the sixteen possible configurations is identified by a name, and for each a number of standard interpretations are given in a catalogue or some type of a written manual. These configurations are derived by a special form of juxtaposition, based on the following computational rules: even x odd = odd, i.e. x = ; odd x even = odd, i.e. x = even x even = even, i.e. x = ; odd x odd = even, i.e. x = In any given shape, the four parts designate from top to bottom: Head; chest; waist; legs. The above takhit produced the following four mothers configurations: Step 3: From the four shapes that constitute the mothers' configuration, four other shapes are generated by taking one shape from the mothers heads, another from their chests, a third from their waists and a fourth from their legs. These four configurations constitute the daughters. Juxtaposing the first two mothers then the second two mothers and the first two daughters and the second two daughters will generate the four granddaughters. The same procedure is repeated with every two granddaughters to get the 2 configurations which are called off springs. Juxtaposing the two off springs together will give one configuration and is called arbitrator. To generate the sixteenth configuration, Al-Darib multiplies the last shape with the first mother shape to get the judge. The sixteen configurations generated are shown below: x x x x Interpretation: Each of the sixteen configurations designates a house which holds the meanings on which interpretations are made. The houses are different from the configurations itself. While the configuration or shape is the piling up of 4 layers of dots and dashes, the houses are the locations in which these configurations fall (Al-Tokhi, 1992). The first house represents the life of the client, the second house is the house of capital, the third for the brothers, the fourth for the parents, the fifth for the children, the sixth for disease, the seventh for marriage, the eighth for death, the ninth for travel, the tenth for luxury and fame, the eleventh for hope, the twelfth for enemies, the thirteenth for the asker, the fourteenth for the sponsors, the fifteenth for balance and equilibrium and the last shape is for judgment . The shapes in the sand speak to Al_Darib: When he sees distressful or tragic configurations he pronounces bad news irrespective what the object of consultation is. When he sees a mixed configuration he pronounces middle results. When he sees happy configurations he pronounces good news and success. Kinship relations: A number of researches indicate that the mothers here do not primary stand for a kinship reference, but for fundamental cosmological entities such as planets or elements, However, in hitting the sand, the client has to give the name of his mother and not the father. (Al-Tokhi, 1991). This in turn makes the descent series mothers/ daughters/ off springs distinctly matrilateral. (Van Binsberg , 1996) Calendar: The sixteen shapes or configurations are divided among the days, weeks, months, and years. For the days of the week, the shapes are distributed as follows: Sunday Thurs. night Friday Tues. night Wed Sat. night Wed Fri. night Sat. Wed. night Thurs.Mon. night Tues. Sat. night Sat. rest of days Adopted from Al-Tokhi (1992). Al-usul wa al-wosoul fi ilm al-raml.(Translated from Arabic) Also, the first twelve of these sixteen configurations are identified with the twelve astrological houses and are interpreted accordingly, taking into account the usual correspondences and conventional meanings of the twelve houses, the planets and the zodiacal signs. The planetary and zodiacal associations of each of the sixteen names are listed in the following table: Adopted from Van Binsberg, The Astrological Origin of Geomancy, 1996, p.43. Closure Ilm al-raml in Islamic, Arabic culture is a complex cosmological tradition that is still practiced and is highly popular in most Arab countries today. Although it is highly contextual and mostly spread out among the more underprivileged, poverty stricken people, it is nonetheless highly sophisticated with a systematic set of procedures that underlies its implementation and interpretation. As a divination practice, Ilm al-raml encompasses a range of mathematical ideas that are embedded in the daily life of indigenous people and play an unprecedented role in impacting the decisions they undertake in their everyday encounters. Concomitantly, such an inductive, semiotic system is based on mathematical and probabilistic principles that are constantly proposed as vital in the mathematics school curricula. Introducing students to such cultural practices can help embed mathematics in meaningful and novel contexts and consequently build a more positive attitude toward mathematics.

Anthem for Doomed Youth and Facing It Essay -- Comparative, Owen, Komu

War is a patriotic act where one seeks the determination to lead their country. It can be viewed noble, cruel, inhumane and can make an individual a hero or a criminal. It effects everyone in a society, hoping their loved one is safe whether fighting in the trenches or waiting at home. It has led to severe individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. Two poems in war literature â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† by Wilfred Owen and â€Å"Facing it† by Yusef Komunyakaa, the authors’ different perspectives will be presented. Owen portrays war as a horror battlefield not to be experienced and the glorious feeling to fight for one’s country. Komunyakaa on the other hand shows an African American that serves in Vietnam War and visits the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall. The poets’ choice of diction, setting of battlefield and various uses of poetic devices create a desired effect. Owen presents us a sarcastic view towards the idea of being honorable to sacrifice for their country and buttresses it with abundant of horrific images. It is a war sonnet that captures the feelings of survivors to those who lost their lives in war. The use of a sonnet creates a sense of intensity in his poem, briefness and portrays the nature of death on a battlefield. Moreover, Owen uses the rhyme scheme of â€Å"ababcdcdeffegg† to show the strong division between the lines. The choice of a sonnet allows Owen to convey his message effectively and remain emotional to keep the readers interested. His tone in the poem is gloomy and proposes the reader to consider the question at the beginning of the poem: â€Å"What passing-bells for these who die as cattle† (1). Their deaths are significant to those of cattle and it occurs in masses. This leads the reader to consider t... ... The wall represents an oxymoron that is unshakable and holds the spirits of the fallen. The imagery of: â€Å"names shimmer on a woman’s blouse but when she walks away the names stay on the wall† shows the names trying to escape from granite confines (19-21). â€Å"In the black mirror a woman’s trying to erase names: No, she is brushing a boy’s hair† (29-31). We see the urgency of the poet to escape and hope for fewer monuments on the wall. The use of devices boosts the effects of the poem. In conclusion, both the poets show their experiences of war and its effects on them. Owen presents the poem in a war descriptive setting whereas Komunyakaa remembers the dreadful memories that have haunted him for life. These poems share the same idea of loss and helplessness. Komunyakaa poem is more about life, whereas Owen’s poem is associated towards death and fighting for honor. Anthem for Doomed Youth and Facing It Essay -- Comparative, Owen, Komu War is a patriotic act where one seeks the determination to lead their country. It can be viewed noble, cruel, inhumane and can make an individual a hero or a criminal. It effects everyone in a society, hoping their loved one is safe whether fighting in the trenches or waiting at home. It has led to severe individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. Two poems in war literature â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† by Wilfred Owen and â€Å"Facing it† by Yusef Komunyakaa, the authors’ different perspectives will be presented. Owen portrays war as a horror battlefield not to be experienced and the glorious feeling to fight for one’s country. Komunyakaa on the other hand shows an African American that serves in Vietnam War and visits the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall. The poets’ choice of diction, setting of battlefield and various uses of poetic devices create a desired effect. Owen presents us a sarcastic view towards the idea of being honorable to sacrifice for their country and buttresses it with abundant of horrific images. It is a war sonnet that captures the feelings of survivors to those who lost their lives in war. The use of a sonnet creates a sense of intensity in his poem, briefness and portrays the nature of death on a battlefield. Moreover, Owen uses the rhyme scheme of â€Å"ababcdcdeffegg† to show the strong division between the lines. The choice of a sonnet allows Owen to convey his message effectively and remain emotional to keep the readers interested. His tone in the poem is gloomy and proposes the reader to consider the question at the beginning of the poem: â€Å"What passing-bells for these who die as cattle† (1). Their deaths are significant to those of cattle and it occurs in masses. This leads the reader to consider t... ... The wall represents an oxymoron that is unshakable and holds the spirits of the fallen. The imagery of: â€Å"names shimmer on a woman’s blouse but when she walks away the names stay on the wall† shows the names trying to escape from granite confines (19-21). â€Å"In the black mirror a woman’s trying to erase names: No, she is brushing a boy’s hair† (29-31). We see the urgency of the poet to escape and hope for fewer monuments on the wall. The use of devices boosts the effects of the poem. In conclusion, both the poets show their experiences of war and its effects on them. Owen presents the poem in a war descriptive setting whereas Komunyakaa remembers the dreadful memories that have haunted him for life. These poems share the same idea of loss and helplessness. Komunyakaa poem is more about life, whereas Owen’s poem is associated towards death and fighting for honor.

Cinderella Man Film Essay

Cinderella Man is a film about The Great Depression. How is this period in history depicted in the film? The film Cinderella Man is based on a true story about a boxer James J Braddock, during the Great Depression in the 1930’s. Braddock, his wife Mae and his three kids were very well off, due to the fact that Braddock was doing very well with his boxing and winning lots of fights, which resulted in lots of money. This all changed very suddenly when Braddock’s career was turned upside down when the Great Depression hit. The first scene in the film which shows that times were starting to get tough is when there is a transition scene from 1928-1932, where there is a slow left pan fade starting from their dresser with lots of accessories such as jewellery, a photo in a nice frame, a watch and a stack of money which Braddock earned from winning a fight that night, and the pan ends with a shot of their dresser during the great depression which is clearly much less accessorised with very little jewellery, a razor, a false tooth and the same photo but without the frame. As Braddock and his family were very well off before the great depression this scene really illustrated how tough the times were and there were many people much worse off than Braddock’s family. Another scene in the film that portrayed the period of the Great Depression was the scene when Braddock went to the Docks to work. Each day unemployed men would wait at the gate and hope to get picked to work on the docks that day. This scene gives you as a viewer a sense of truth about the movie and when the men are stretching out their arms through the bars it demonstrates how desperate people are getting. After it shows the men begging to get picked to work it switches to a close up shot of a newspaper getting dropped on the ground with the title â€Å"unemployed hits record 15 million†. The close up shot of the newspaper really emphasises that the film is during the great depression, and nearly everyone is unemployed; and this shot works perfectly in depicting this point in time. The next scene which indicates the film is during the great depression I personally think is the most effective. Jim and Mae are so low on money that they can’t afford to keep their three c hildren, one who is sick at home and Mae sends them off without telling Jim and this leads to them fighting. After this is changes to a high angle close up on the EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION OF NEW JERSEY and hundreds of people filling out welfare application forms. The camera then pans to Braddock when it is his turn and the woman at the counter says to Braddock- â€Å"I never thought I’d see you here Jim†. When the woman at the counter says this to Braddock it makes me as a viewer think that if Braddock is associated with wealth and he has lost everything, then what does the average person have left? As many other scenes in the film, this one really proves that the film is during the great depression and thousands and thousands of people are hardly surviving. The last scene I am going to talk about which represents the time of the great depression is probably the most effective in getting the message across that the film is during the great depression, and this scene is in Hooverville which is a place where lots of little shanty’s were built by homeless people dur ing the great depression. This scene in the film is very loud and gruesome, with sounds such as police sirens, breaking glass, people yelling and people vomiting. The camera shows lots of people running around, bodies on the ground and small fires everywhere. This scene uses a hand held camera to emphasise the franticness of the people, and shows the occasional close up of individual’s faces to show that they are scared. Immediately after it shows a close up of Mike’s face when he says ‘tell Sarah I’ll be late.’ it flashes straight to a close up of a coffin with a number on it and then another close up on Mae’s grief stricken face. Because mikes coffin only has a number on it, it shows that NO one could afford a personalised coffin and all these people to the government were simply just numbers. At a glance this film is just about boxing, but as you watch it you learn that there is a deeper meaning to the film, and shows the story of one man, who went from having everything to nothing, and then struggled his way through the great depression, and in Braddock’s words he ‘was fighting for milk.’

Your Personal Writing Vision Statement What, Why, and How

Your Personal Writing Vision Statement What, Why, and How A personal vision statement for your writing career is a simple line that distills your values and ambitions into a practical mantra you can live and work Many of these are full of corporate speak, but the best are pithy and compelling. LinkedIns is to connect the worlds professionals to make them more productive and successful, while Kickstarters is simply to help bring creative projects to life. As a writer, you are a business, too. Your personal vision statement will help you decide what activities to focus on and where to spend your time and energy. Its a great guide at times of indecision or difficult choices. An example: My writing vision statement is simply: To earn a living as a full-time, family-first writer of humorous, engaging fiction novels and short stories.   Theres a lot packed into this for me. Im interested in a sustainable career, rather than fame and fortune. I dont write poems or scripts (for now anyway). Humour and emotion are my key ingredients. But I dont want any of this at the expense of my family. Using your statement A simple statement like this is that it can give you a reason to say No to things as well as Yes. Should I take on that freelance opportunity? No, because although it might make me some money, its not in my area and will eat into my time for creative writing. Should I go for a run? Yes, because staying fit and healthy has a positive impact on productivity. Should I enter that comp? No, because the prize is a week in a writers retreat in Mexico and that wont work for me, family-wise. Shall I submit a flash to that magazine? No, because flash isnt my target genre. Should I stop writing and make my sons breakfast, even though I got up early specially to write and he shouldnt be up for another hour?! Yes, because family comes first. Developing your mission statement Heres my suggestion for how to develop yours: 1.      Jot down your perfect writing future. Is it about awards or critical kudos? Is it about a sustainable income or writing a bestseller? Do you have an idea of your ideal workspace, or how much you want to make each month? 2.      Ask: What do I want to stop doing? Do you want to give up your day job? Do you want to be able to turn down certain kinds of work? 3.      Ask: What do I want to do more of? Are you a natural world-builder or a cozy mystery type? If nonfiction, what sort of topics do you love writing about? Is there a particular book or genre you want to be writing? Where would your books sit in a bookshop? 4.      Ask: What effect do I want to have on readers? Do you want them to escape from everything for a while or make them think about society? Putting it all together Now boil it down to a powerful sentence you can remember. Dont include every detail – this statement is just for you, remember, so you dont have to spell everything out. In my statement, family-first is shorthand for a lot of my personal values, for example. Print your statement, stick it over your computer, and use it to help you stay on track. And as you get closer to your goal, be ready to update it to reflect the next stage of your journey. If you have a statement to share, wed love to hear itHope will post some of them next week.

The Aftermath of the Enron Scandal

The Aftermath of the Enron Scandal Introduction The Enron Scandal, uncovered in 2001, was one of the largest accounting frauds in history. The fraud occurred as a result of accounting gaps and poor financial reporting which allowed top executives to conceal billions of debts from failed deals and projects. The company’s CFO and other executives not only lied to its BOD and audit team on risky accounting norms, but also pressed Arthur Andersen to ignore the issues.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Aftermath of the Enron Scandal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Arthur Andersen was handling Enron’s auditing activities during this period. As a result of the Enron scandal, shareholders lost billions of dollars and the company was eventually declared bankrupt. Arthur Andersen willingly surrendered its licenses to practice auditing in the US and sold most of its practices (Healy Palepu, 2003). As a result of the scandal, a number of regulat ions were implemented by the government to prevent similar activities from happening again. The most common piece of legislation implemented was the Sarbanes–Oxley Act. Sarbanes–Oxley Act This act was signed into law in 200 and hence sometimes referred to as the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002. The act set new or improved standards for all American-based public company boards, management and public accounting and auditing companies (Kuschnik, 2008). The act was enacted following a series of accounting scandals by large corporations in the US, including Enron, Tyco International and WorldCom. The scandals cost shareholders and tax collection agencies billions in dollars, affected share prices, and led to the collapse of some of the companies. The Sarbanes–Oxley Act comprises of 11 titles ranging from supplementary management board roles to criminal penalties, and compels the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to implement the outlines of the act. Key prov isions of the act include disclosure controls, improper influence on conduct of audits, disclosures in quarterly reports, evaluation of internal controls, and criminal penalties for violating the provisions of the act (Farrell, 2005). Under disclosure controls, the Act sets out internal processes aimed at ensuring accurate financial reporting. The signing officers must verify that they are â€Å"responsible for establishing and maintaining internal controls† and the officers must have assessed the efficiency of the firm’s internal controls as current three months prior to the report (Kuschnik, 2008). Further, external auditors are obliged to provide their opinions on the effectiveness of the internal controls during financial reporting (Kuschnik, 2008). The title on improper influence on conduct of audits states that is illegal for an officer (or any other person acting under the commission’s mandate) to partake in any activity meant to falsely sway, force, infl uence, or misinform any independent public or certified accountant undertaking audit of the financial statements of that company.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Under the title on disclosures in quarterly (or periodic) reports, the Act requires the disclosure of all material off-balance sheet items. The SEC is further expected to monitor the use of such instruments and whether accounting doctrines have been thoroughly adhered to in the use of such instruments. Finally, under evaluation of internal control, management is obliged to give an â€Å"internal control report† that confirms the management’s role of setting up and maintaining an acceptable internal control structure and techniques for financial reporting (Kuschnik, 2008). The report must also contain an evaluation as of the end of the most recent financial year of the firm, of the efficiency of the internal control structures and processes. The Sarbanes–Oxley Act has been commended by a number of financial industry experts, quoting enhanced investor confidence and more precise periodic and fiscal financial reports. References Farrell, G. (2005). America Robbed Blind. Texas: Wizard Academy Press. Healy, P. M. Palepu, K. G. (2003). The Fall of Enron. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(2), 7. Kuschnik, B. (2008). The Sarbanes Oxley Act. Business Law Journal, 18(6), 64 – 95.

Develop your own marketing communication model derived from academic Assignment - 1

Develop your own marketing communication model derived from academic research. Use this model to analyse the Marketing Communications Campaign of your chosen FMCG (Nescaf) brand - Assignment Example Marketing communications, as defined by Egan (2007, p. 1), is â€Å"the means by which a supplier of goods, services, values and/or ideas represent themselves to their target audience with the goal of stimulating dialogue leading to a better commercial or other relationships†. Marketing communications is said to be good when it takes into account three primary elements i.e. audience, message and media (Dahlà ©n, Lange & Smith 2009). These three elements are interlinked and the decision regarding marketing communication tools must take into account all three of them. Marketing communication tools are also known as marketing communications mix or promotional mix. Egan (2007, p. 17) defined these tools as â€Å"tools used in marketing communications such as advertising, sales promotion, public relations, personal selling, direct marketing etc†. Now the company has to decide how well it can integrate these tools in order to ensure they get a positive feedback from the whol e communication process. Communication process is presented below. There are several marketing communications models developed after much research on the effect of communications on product marketing. All of them try to explore different facets on how consumers perceive information provided to them by the marketer and how they react to it. Since positive reaction/feedback enhance company’s profits therefore communicating a product in a right manner to the target audiences is very important. Following head discusses the marketing communication models in detail with particular emphasis on two models, Strong’s AIDA model and Mindscape of Integrated Marketing Communications Model (extended version presented by Hartley & Pickton 2010). Marketing communications which is also referred to as Integrated Marketing Communications is â€Å"a process of using a wide range

Kalaipahoa, Poison God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kalaipahoa, Poison God - Essay Example The tree from which the woodcarving came was called the Kalaipahoa tree and perhaps this is where the name of the Hawaiian god Kalaipahoa originated. Certainly, Kalaipahoa, Poison God is a work of art at least going by the principles and elements of art. Perhaps it is appropriate to start by mention the fact that the Hawaiians produced this piece of art in order to construct their identity when it came to worship and other religious issues. This meant that the people of Hawaii in used to worship their god in a unique way that no other ethnic group did. This was particularly so in the sense that the Hawaiians had a sense of identity in their god of poison while other tribes worshipped their gods in the mountains and the oceans. Additionally, the Hawaiians constructed their god with human hair thus they strategically essentialized themselves to survive their cultural identity and draw more powerful supernatural support since its style, iconography, and underline message conveyed such. When it comes to the background of the work, the Hawaiian woodcarvers constructed the pieces of art for religious purposes and they made sure that Kalaipahoa was carved out of the Kalaipahoa tree that was considered very poisonous to humans. Mainly, the tree was collected from Molokai Island before being transported to the woodcarvers. Essentially, the people of Hawaii were well versed with all kinds of poisonous trees and they put this knowledge into good use by utilizing it in wars and in worship. Although the Kalaipahoa tree was very famous for its medicinal value, its poisonous nature proved to be unbearable at times and could kill humans within seconds of inhalation or contact. Finally but equally important, it is worthy to note that Kameharnehas poison-god, who was also called Kalai-pahoa, was a female carved out of wood with human hair. Her facial expression depicted anguish with one eye shut whiles the other one wide open. She seemed to be looking at the